Arab universities between the task of teaching and scientific research

Moustafa El Abdallah Alkafry
2022 / 2 / 11

Based development of science and human knowledge and progress of the mind, there is no science of the mind to the test on the basis of the senses and the technical tools to help them, not aware of mind without trial due to the laws and logic. Thus, thinkers tended to mind polish it and armed him, and to teach and learn the nature of them, and used in scientific research, and opened eyes to the tremendous shortage in this area. And they derived ways to reform and development in the field of politics, economy and the state system and social system and to improve the level of human well-being and progress.
Began getting the attention of human to human beings in early modern times. Human attention and human beings have led to interest in research in the field of humanities and social sciences. From that era, we now see thinkers leaving to research and research collaboration in this area, urging them basic idea is: to strengthen human rights, and human way and very valuable human evolution and human society. All people shall be the means and goals of each other considering that every human being has rights and duties.
Talking about contemporary science calls for more talk about the previous efforts made by researchers in the past, were surveyed and sects like lamps to light the researcher’s drawer contemporaries. On the day that the researcher sees no progress achieved in the seeds of human eras preceded even how long sometimes.
The Arab nation, in the eras of prosperity and brilliance of its civilization:
The Arab nation, in the eras of prosperity and brilliance of its civilization, from the United Nations, which has given attention and encouragement and support for scientific research and sponsored its employees, also contributed to Arab scientists in laying the foundations of the Platform for Scientific Research. The Arabs opened vistas in basic and applied sciences and the humanities and social not preceded them one, and learn on their hands than later took up the banner of scientific and technological renaissance in modern Europe. I accompany the absence of the sun with the weakness of Arab civilization attention to scientific research and the decline in most of the countries of the nation, where the Arabs lived epochs of darkness´-or-loss´-or-dispersion under the yoke of foreign oppression´-or-exploitation for a long period of time.
The emergence of the modern Arab universities:
With the exception of Arab Universities traditional al-Azhar and Al-Qarawiyyin University and al zaytona University and other religious universities antique, the Arab universities mostly are of recent origin, and the first art college was opened in the Arab world is the Faculty of Medicine in Cairo in 1827, followed by the American University of Beirut in 1866, and Saint Joseph s University Year 1875, then the University of Algiers in 1879, and if we exclude the Egyptian University, which originated in 1908, the lifespan of most Arab universities does not exceed forty years. At the end of the forties of this century did not exceed the number of Arab universities six universities, two national and two universities in Cairo and Damascus, and four foreign universities, two in Beirut, one in Algeria and another in Cairo. Starting from the fifties took universities keep pace with increasingly random declaration of political independence of the Arab countries. The number of Arab universities in the late nineties University percent.
Universities are still in most Arab countries, modern institutions of origin. However, it has achieved during this period, a shift in advanced scientific education. But it did not reach the desired effect in bringing about the objectives of the other higher education, particularly in the field of scientific research. We have achieved the Arab universities quantum required for the Arab community of specialists and professionals, but you could not check type, and emerged on the scene sometimes some of the achievements of quality in this area, but they did not come out as being a complement to education levels that preceded it in terms of outputs and objectives achieved. Arab universities have not been able to achieve the desired in the field of scientific research and the establishment of specialized research centers. And is-limit-ed to the reasons that prevent the achievement of the desired goals in two main -dir-ections:
The first general reasons: the policy regarding the Arab universities and orientations. University universities in the Arab world summoned to focus on teaching and not to give the required attention to scientific research and add to the lack of scientific research linking the overall development plans, as it tends universities and education institutions in the Arab majority of research towards research in purely theoretical concepts. It also concentrated most of the research in which the researcher comes to service a complement to obtain a new´-or-for the purposes of academic and job promotions. The lack of scientific research requirements in most Arab universities and centers of information the human elements, and Computer Services. Accompanied by a lack of administrative matters, legislative and regulatory lack of program thoughtful research priorities and areas, and the lack of Provides regulations and agreements for communication between Arab research centers and conventions, and the difficulty of marketing research, and the weight of the teaching load obligatory the faculty member and the lack of a plan for coordination between research centers and researchers. In addition, the lack of sufficient attention to the presence of scientists and researchers for scientific conferences, and the lack of appropriate scientific atmosphere within the universities themselves. In addition to the weakness of research collaboration with universities in developed countries. Leading to obstruction Jump intellectual and cognitive among Arab universities and universities in developed countries.
The second special reasons: concerning the methodology of scientific research and its employees. It comes in the forefront of the small number of researchers and weak productivity, and the lack of appropriate conditions for scientists and researchers. Which led to the emergence of conditions that do not help and do not encourage faculty members in Arab universities on scientific research, including a lack of scientific references Arab and foreign small amounts allocated to scientific research in budgets of higher education in most Arab universities compared to what specialization universities similar in developed countries. (The amounts spent on scientific research in the Arab countries does not exceed 0.5% of the national income, while the developed countries spend more than 2% of national income on civilian research alone. While spending on scientific research per head of population is not more than 2, -$- 3 in the Arab world, while the range of 50 100 dollars for developed countries).
Scientific research as a creative and innovative process:
The scientific research and innovation as a process of creative deals with various types of knowledge that cannot grow without the basic conditions of the environment in a free and democratic climate and the accumulation of knowledge, and physical components and high morale. On this basis, initiate the majority of communities and countries, especially the developed ones, to consider constantly in order to develop their educational systems and centers of research and reformulated, (hence the practice of contemporary civilization is owned and creativity by participating in the manufacture and seek in their production and in the upgrading, mean exercise science ... it is not There is development work outside the Scientific and Cultural Organization, providing nations and communities in the ladder of contemporary civilization, but measured by the extent owned science and technology, and this phenomenon is the difference between developed and developing countries).. In what it calls constantly to look at is the development of techniques and methods of scientific research and provide requirements commensurate with the ambitious development plans and with the subsequent achievements reached by the flag every day to supplement the development process and development).
Research the most dangerous tasks of the university:
Perhaps the most dangerous tasks of the university is an important scientific research, The university is the institution entrusted to keep up with scientific advances in the world and work to twist it and absorb it and carry out research and studies in various fields of knowledge, but scientific research in Arab universities, both sides of research in the field of humanities and social sciences and research in nanoscience´-or-applied, does not have adequate care, both in terms of the budget allocated to it,´-or-in terms of organization´-or-in terms of the requirements of research and care minds and creativity in the Arab world. The following indicators show us this fact:
• A comparison of military budgets and the security budgets of education and scientific research, it looks gaunt and slim, as statistics indicate that the Arabs consume 42% of the total consumable’s military in the world.
• In the period in which the Soviet -union- in the eighties allocates 4.67% of the proportion of national income for scientific research was the Arab states allocate 0.27% of national income.
• When the proportion of scientists in the Soviet -union- up to 5172 researchers per million people in 1980 and the figure is in America in 2679 researchers per million citizens, is found in the Arab countries to contact to about 206 researchers per million citizens.
• Spending on scientific research in the Arab world in 1980, representing 7.7% (1 to 13) of Japan spending, and about 4.5% (1 to 18) of spending the Soviet -union-.
It is possible to clarify the reality of scientific research in Arab universities through some indicators such as the number of researchers and the absolute number of researchers per million people of the total population, the absolute spending on scientific research, and the proportion of spending on research of the global GDP.
We note from the data that the number of researchers in the Arab world has increased from 51,000 a researcher in 1980 to about 77000 Researcher in 1990, as the proportion of researchers to the total population of 330 researchers per million people to 363 researchers per million people, however, remain this ratio is low compared with their counterparts in the developed countries´-or-even in developing countries. But it seems the most dangerous development in the index, where the third and fourth decline in the volume of total spending on scientific research in the Arab world of 3.8 billion dollars in 1980 to about 3.4 billion dollars in 1990, fell as the proportion of spending on scientific research in the gross national product of 0.97 % in 1980 to about 0.76% in 1990 despite the decline in this ratio compared with their counterparts in the developed countries and developing countries.
Scientific research is not a luxury but an urgent necessity that Arab countries need:
Research is no longer a luxury by some developed nations, and between societies emerging monopoly but, in fact, the need for an urgent need of developing countries and developed countries alike. It turns out that that did not mean the Arab countries and their scientific institutions, especially universities, scientific research, they will not find valid solutions to the many problems and challenges faced by the major. And gaining science through scientific research and return to the heritage and authenticity of scientific, as well as quotes and transport through research collaboration and this is essential for the progress of scientific research in the Arab world and its development to contribute to the development process to face the big challenges that we face.
Universities are places of enlightenment and a lever for comprehensive development:
The most important thing held accountable by the heads of universities and Deans of colleges and management is the extent of their success in improving the reputation of their universities and colleges. That reputation comes exclusively from the famous faculty members and scientific research achievements and the success of the teaching process. The university and managed to make every effort to attract more professors, the capacity and efficiency of the work of members of the faculty, and that they seek to entertain, and to prevent leaving the university to work at other universities.
The challenge in Undergraduate Education First is the lack of effort that is devoted to evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum and educational programs with the aim of drawing methods of teaching is good and effective. It is important to study the causes of the suffering of some of the students difficulties in understanding some of the subjects and the creation of good educational technologies capable to overcome such difficulties. Also, some faculty members at universities are not looking over their success in education´-or-how much their students learn, they do not have any desire to follow the path of enlightened trial and error to improve teaching methods to which they belong.
Consequent universities do a review of its curriculum, courses and moving here and there in the formations differ little. They can do a lot to improve the content and level of these courses. Should work faculty to prioritize and re-considered in a timely manner. Because universities are setting standards by which to judge higher education. Unless convince the university administration and faculty audience through its actions that it really has made higher education in prioritizing and undertaking to education at the university at the highest level, they will remain vulnerable to criticism and defamation and decisions about curriculum and faculty do its duties. It was a Syrian university clearly engaged in two projects were casting a welcome and support by the government and the people.
Arab universities today need new ways to serve the public:
And universities today need new ways to serve the public, which must be owned, if you want universities to do so, it must do to participate actively in the efforts being made to resolve the issues of interest to people already and to -restore- public confidence, the university management to determine what needs to be done in this Track and then they take the lead. Universities are not placing of enlightenment and knowledge, but are higher education institutions relied on a lot in achieving comprehensive development in the Arab countries and the developing countries and in Syria and in all societies.
If the university wants to be a source of inspiration to the nation, it must prominently involve in the efforts and endeavors to resolve the problems facing the people are already studying and improving the conditions of the system and take care of them and teaching them vocabulary decisions. The universities have an important role in improving the level of education in schools, pre-university, as they are trained teachers and observers and inspectors and departments, which are to improve the materials and curricula that teach them through the contributions of university professors diverse in the development and discussion of the audit curriculum. Universities, too, are discovering new ways to help students on education, and the College of Education comes into play a prominent role in this regard.
And universities also play an important role in improving the health care system in the community. Universities are the nation s doctors and hospitals oversee the key. The system is now in university graduate in medicine specialists come out on the good levels. It is possible that universities contribute to a reduction in health expenditures through the study of the economics of health care
And should be concerned universities colleges and management institutes and the economy to be able to do what you can´-or-what it can do to serve the legitimate interests of the nation. Has been colleges and institutes of Economics and Administration more responsive to internal standards for specialization in particular of its responsiveness to the needs of the community. Has been neglected on the road many of the most important problems in the field of economic activities and business: how technology can be used more efficiently? What are the best ways for technology transfer and indigenization and development? How you can improve the quality of what we produce? ¿ What is the mechanism of action that works best and meaningfully within cultures and international markets? ¿ Why is high turnover of labor in some sectors of production? ¿ What are the ways to develop and modernize the public sector?
The necessity of paying attention to colleges and institutes of management and economics:
Must faculties of Management and Economics to be the main source of solutions that enable managers to overcome the problems and difficulties that they face in their mission different. The main source of new ideas for the development of the national economy. As well as have the faculty of Economics and Management colleges that stand out and confirmed these trends, and contribute more effectively to the public face of what he calls the greatest economic challenge in our country.
However, universities remain the victim of a lot of exaggerations and distortions and criticisms. But it remains for higher education the most important role in the construction of human rights which builds. It is not useful to resent´-or-one that puts himself on the defensive against criticism. Because it does not benefit the academic work in the universities. . And universities should be turned to the benefit of using criticism leads to criticism in order to facilitate the introduction of amendments and changes that acknowledges most of the members of the teaching staff and university administration that they are absolutely necessary and should be met because it will lead in the end to improve the quality of education in all its stages.
Prof. Dr Moustafa El-Abdallah Al Kafry
Damascus University - Faculty of Economics
[email protected]

References:
. [1] - magazine (unit), the National Council of Arab culture, Issue 72 September 1990.
. [2] - Adnan Badran, the role of higher education and research centers in creating the rights of the Arab scientific tender, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, 1985.
. [3] - magazine (unit), the National Council of Arab culture, Issue 72 September 1990.




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